Essay on Melting Pot or Mosaic, Which One - 616 Words

Melting Pot or Mosaic, which one? Culture is a behavior that consists of several critical elements, such as language, religion, race and ethnicity, clothing and politics. Culture is what one does in his/her daily life. In order to understand others, we must first keep in mind that every culture carries its own set of values and assumptions. Culture is an evolving, ever changing civilization, which includes several different groups people. For immigrants, America is a land of opportunity; for others it is just the best country in the world because of its economic success and/or its democratic political system. Americans usually value independence a lot, believe in equal opportunity, and have a direct communication style. In exploring the†¦show more content†¦We came on different boats, but we now ride in the same ship, to draw on a popular saying. From the term Mosaic we get a picture that America has a structure of different cultures. The mosaic implies a contiguity of fixed, self-sufficient, utterly distinct cultures. Multiculturalism, as it has been practiced in the United States in the past 10 years, implies the existence of a central culture, ringed by peripheral cultures. The fallout of official multiculturalism is the establishment of one culture as the norm and the rest as aberrations. So I agree that the American civilization is composed of diverse cultures. Chicago serves as the best example for diversity. If we walk down on Devon Street, the area, which is located between western and California serves many communities. You could see Indian, Russian, Pakistani and Jewish shops, all side by side. When looked in closely shop-by-shop we see different cultural shopkeeper carrying material of that specific culture. When looked in from far distance that place will be known as Devon Street and not as a specific cultural shop name. In conclusion, in place of the melting pot, American culture satisfies the term mosaic. If true assimilation were to occur, immigrants would have to abandon all their cultural practices and act in accordance to one set American ways. But, immigrants do not completely give up their traditions and practices. Their identity remains unique because of their distinctShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Mosaic of American Culture, Its No Melting Pot590 Words   |  3 PagesThe Mosaic of American Culture, Its No Melting Pot Culture is a behavior that consists of several critical elements, such as language, religion, race and ethnicity, clothing and politics. Culture is what one does in his/her daily life. In order to understand others, we must first keep in mind that every culture carries its own set of values and assumptions. Culture is an evolving, ever changing civilization, which includes several different groups people. For immigrants, America is a land ofRead MoreCultural Mosaic826 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Cultural Mosaicâ€Å" There are many different types of ethnicities throughout the world, all of which have their own system of living, praying, and joining with one another. We as humans refer to this as culture, culture sums up everything that we do as citizens or do differently as persons in one word. This word is used all over the globe to give people what they deserve, their own way of living. The United States of America is a very diverse place which is made up of many cultures or ways of livingRead MoreMulticultural Education : A Truly Multicultural Mosaic1259 Words   |  6 Pagesthe â€Å"melting pot† in a sense that our world was moving towards multiculturalism. Some see the old metaphor, the â€Å"melting pot† fading away within the last decade and has grown into a new term(s) like the â€Å"salad bowl† and â€Å"mosaic†. These two terms can best be defined as mixtures of ingredients that each keeps their own individual characteristics (i.e. a salad bowl and a mosai c). Joyce Millet says it best, â€Å"Immigrant populations within the United States are not being blended together in one â€Å"pot†, butRead MoreThe United States has Changed from a Melting Pot to a Vast Culture with Varying Racial Backgrounds602 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States has Changed from a Melting Pot to a Vast Culture with Varying Racial Backgrounds The United States, created by blending or melting many cultures together into one common man, known as an American. Modern communication and transportation accelerate mass migrations from one continent . . . to the United States (Schlesinger 21). Ethnic and racial diversity was bound to happen in the American society. As immigration began to explode, . . . a cult of ethnicity erupted both betweenRead MoreThe Canadian Mosaic vs. the U.S. Melting Pot1710 Words   |  7 Pagesdiverse nation that emphasizes the concept of The Mosaic. No other country in the world encompasses inhabitants from so many different backgrounds who exhibit strong loyalty towards Canada, while still preserving their cultural heritage. This is contrasted to the American ideal of the Melting Pot, which attempts to shape all of their citizens into a set mold. Canadas philosophy is believed to be more effective and respectful than that which is possessed by our American neighbours. The followingRead MoreE ssay on The Canadian Mosaic Vs. The U.S. Melting Pot1707 Words   |  7 Pagesdiverse nation that emphasizes the concept of â€Å"The Mosaic†. No other country in the world encompasses inhabitants from so many different backgrounds who exhibit strong loyalty towards Canada, while still preserving their cultural heritage. This is contrasted to the American ideal of the quot;Melting Potquot;, which attempts to shape all of their citizens into a set mold. Canada’s philosophy is believed to be more effective and respectful than that which is possessed by our American neighbours. The followingRead MoreFrom Melting Pot And Beautiful Mosaic1517 Words   |  7 Pages From Melting Pot to Beautiful Mosaic Cara Carson University of Nebraska at Omaha Elizabeth Wessling TED 8000-502 July 23, 2015 â€Æ' From Melting Pot to Beautiful Mosaic President Jimmy Carter stated in his presidential debate with Ronald Reagan in 1976 that the United States of America has â€Å"become not a melting pot but a beautiful mosaic. Different people, different beliefs, different yearnings, different hopes, different dreams† (Commission on Presidential Debates, 1976). This â€Å"mosaic† of differencesRead MoreCanadian Culture : What Distinguishes It From The American? Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesCanadian culture? What distinguishes it from the American? Culture is something that distinguishes one national or ethnic group from another, it is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular society, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. Canada and the USA are the neighbor countries which located in the North America. At first glance they are very similar. People speak the same language, listen to the same music and wear the identicalRead More Immigration: Is America Really a Melting Pot? Essay example1822 Words   |  8 Pageswhere all races and nations come to labor and look forward.† This is an exert from the play â€Å"The Melting Pot.† Israel Zangwill was Jewish born in England, January 21, 1864 in London, England. Besides the â€Å"The Melting Pot,† Zangwill used his pen to defend women’s suffrage, Jewish emancipation, assimilation and Zionism. Zionism is the Jewish liberation movement (Wikipedia, 2012). In 1909, â€Å"The Melting Pot† was opened in Washington D.C. It was a hit. President Theodore Roosevelt gave the play high reviewsRead MoreAmerica, Melting Pot or Salad Bowl Society?1980 Words   |  8 Pagesis called a melting pot; however, I would argue that America s hould no longer be called a melting pot. The term melting pot suggests that immigrants should assimilate into American culture. Instead, America should be looked upon as a salad bowl society or a mosaic work of art allowing our newcomers to bring their racial and ethnic differences to the country. This allows our newcomers to â€Å"retain their own national characteristics while integrating into a new society† (â€Å"Melting Pot America†). We

Clothing and Fashion Free Essays

Every person nurtures an innate desire of looking good and feel ‘accepted’ in the socio-economic circle. The word fashion instantaneously brings to mind a flash of colour with a dash of glamour. Women are taking to fashion in a big way, and are experimenting with different looks, styles, and textures. We will write a custom essay sample on Clothing and Fashion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fashion plays an increasingly important role in an indivi ­dual’s life because it is considered as a means of self-expression. The garments and accessories that man or women wear, help them to identify with a group of others-whether it is a lifestyle, profession, a religion, or an attitude. Thus, the term ‘fashion’ has become synonymous with the overall growth of the country as well. Several factors contribute to the evolution of fashion as a whole. It is a widely accepted fact that the rich and the famous, and the political figures and royalty have always moved the seasonal trends of fashion. The advertising media also contributes equally to update us about the daily style checks. Fashion in India, a land rich in culture and tradition, has evolved through the centuries. This country, rich in culture represents a kaleidoscope of changing trends and traditions. Here, clothes perform different functions depending on the occasion. Be it festivals, parties, profession, or just a matter of reflecting attitude †¦ fashion is simply ‘in’. Right from women who sport a dash of vermilion in the parting of their hair, to professionals on the go who wield the ladle and the laptop with equal ease, fashion forms an integral 92 Top School Essays part of their lives. Today, fashion does not necessarily mean glamour, or the urge to follow the current trends. It is more a way of life, a reflection of inner beauty, where the intellect shines through, complete with comfort quotient. Fashion not only highlights the social history and the needs of person but also the overall cultural aesthetic of the various periods. The evolution of fashion dates back to several hundred years and as our attitude and culture change, fashion comes along with it. In India, the fashion scenario was different in different political periods. During the British rule in India, the fashion trend within high society was strongly influenced by the British fashion style and western clothes became a status symbol in India. Again during 1930s, emergence of different ideologies like communism, socialism and fascism imparted a more feminine and conservative touch to the women’s fashion. However, the period also witnessed the predominance of body hugging dresses with dark shades. The foundation of the Indian cinema also proved to be the strongest influence on revolutionising the fashion scene in those days. 1940s was a decade marked by the second World War and the ensuing independence of India. Hence, the period portrayed relatively simple yet functional women’s clothing. During 1950s, the advent of art colleges and schools led to popularity of narrow waist and balloon skirts with bouncing patterns. Also, the adoption of khadi by Mahatma Gandhi made khadi garments a rage among women. In the 1960s, the sweeping changes in fashion and lifestyle resulted in highly versatile fashion trends. In 1970s, the traditional materials were exported in bulk to other nations. Thus, excess of export materials were sold within the country itself, which resulted in popularity of international fashion in India. During 1980s and 90s, the advent of television and other advertising means gave a new edge to the Indian fashion scene. Influenced by ideas of several foreign designers, new design and pattern were introduced into garments. During these periods, power dressing and corporate look were the style statement. The revival of ethnicity was also witnessed in these decades. Fashion trends keep changing and most fashion divas and models are the one to make them. The youth is a major follower of fashion trends. Fashion trends also get influenced from Bollywood as well as Hollywood. Metros like Mumbai and Delhi witness the quick changes in fashion especially in college going crowds. India has a rich and varied textile heritage, where each region of India has its own unique native costume and traditional attire. While traditional clothes are still worn in most of rural India, urban India is changing rapidly, with international fashion trends reflected by the young and glamorous, in the cosmopolitan metros of India. Fashion in India is a vibrant scene, a nascent industry and a colourful and glamorous world where designers and models start new trends every day. While previously a master weaver was recognised for his skill, today a fashion designer is celebrated for his or her creativity. Young urban Indians can choose from the best of East and West as Indian fashion designers are inspired by both Indian and western styles. This fusion of fashion can be seen Fashion in India is also beginning to make its mark on the international scene, as accessories such as bindis (red dots worn on the forehead), mehendi (designs made by applying henna to the palms of the hands and other parts of the body) and bangles, have gained international popularity, after being worn by fashion icons, like the pop singers Madonna and Gwen Stefani. In India, fashion has become a growing industry with international events such as the India Fashion Week and annual shows by fashion designers in the major cities of India. The victories of a number of Indian beauty queens in International events such as the Miss World and Miss Universe contests have also made Indian models recognised worldwide. Fashion designers such as Ritu Kumar, Ritu Beri, Rohit Bal, Rina Dhaka, Muzaffar Ah, Satya Paul, Abraham and Thakore, Tarun Tahiliani, JJ Valaya and Manish Malhotra are some of the well- known fashion designers in India. In India, fashion covers a whole range of clothing from ornate clothes designed for wedding ceremonies to pret lines, sports wear and casual wear. Traditional Indian techniques of embroidery such as chikhan, crewel and zardosi, and traditional weaves and fabrics have been used by Indian designers to create Indo-western clothing in a fusion of the best of East and West. Traditional costumes in India vary widely depending on the climate and natural fibres grown in a region. In the cold northern state of Jammu and Kashmir, people wear a thick loose shirt called a phiran to keep them warm. In the tropical warmth of south India, men wear a sarong like garment called the mundu, while women drape 5 metres of cloth around their bodies in the graceful folds of the saree. Sarees are woven in silk, cotton and artificial fibres. Kanjivaram, Mysore, Paithani, Pochampalli, Jamdani, Balucheri, Benarasi, Sambalpuri, Bandhini are some varieties of beautiful sarees from different regions of India. In the dry regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat men wrap and twist a length of cloth in the form of a dhoti around their lower limbs and a shirt-like kurta above. Colourful turbans complete the picture. In the northeastern regions the tribal communities such as Khasis, Nagas, Mizos, Manipuris and Arunachalis wear colourful woven sarong-like clothing and woven shawls that represent the identity of each tribal group. In urban India the salwar kameez and the churidar kameez, are commonly work by women and the saree is worn on formal occasions. Men wear kurtas and pajamas, or a sherwani for formal wear. Men commonly wear western wear such as shirts and trousers across India. The young and the young at heart wear Jeans, T-shirts, capris, Bermudas and various kinds of casual clothing, which are the trendsetters of fashion in India. Comparing the past and the present, fashion for people in India has changed over the decades. Not only India, but also the whole world has witnessed changes in fashion statements for both men and women How to cite Clothing and Fashion, Essay examples

Oppenheimer Essays - McCarthyism, Nobel Laureates In Physics

Oppenheimer Dr. Julius Robert Oppenheimer Julius Robert Oppenheimer was an American physicist and government adviser, who directed the development of the first atomic bombs. To scientists, he was not only the builder of the atomic bomb and a pioneer in atomic energy, but a master of many languages, a good conversationalist and a brilliant mathematician. He was also a writer, and an expert in both the history of architecture and the religions of the world. Oppenheimer, who was born in New York City on April 22, 1904, and educated at Harvard University and the Universities of Cambridge and Gottingen, grew up in a middle class neighborhood. He was raised by his mother, who was an artist who provided a nice apartment with a subdued, tasteful atmosphere. His grandfather came from Germany where he was a peasant farmer and grain merchant. The Oppenheimer's family business was importing fabric for the clothing industry. As a child in grade school, Oppenheimer excelled in all subjects. This continued straight through all of his schooling. During his years at Harvard University, Oppenheimer excelled in Latin, Greek, physics and chemistry. He also published poetry and studied Oriental philosophy. After graduating in 1925, he sailed to England to do research in the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University , which, under the leadership of Lord Rutherford, had an international reputation for its pioneering studies on atomic structure. Oppenheimer was fortunate to enter physics in 1925 because that is when modern quantum mechanics came into being. He was one of the first scientists to use quantum mechanics for the exploration of problems which had been insoluble with the old quantum theory. While at Cambridge, Oppenheimer had the opportunity to work with the British scientific community in its efforts to advance the cause of atomic research. Shortly thereafter, Max Born invited him to Gottingen University, where he met other prominent physicists, such as Niels Bohr and Paul Dirac, and where, in 1927, he received his doctorate. He then returned to the United States. After serving with the International Education Board from 1928 to 1929, Oppenheimer became a professor of physics at the University of California at Berkeley and the California Institute of Technology where he worked from1929 to 1947. There he built up large schools of theoretical physics. He was noted for his contributions relating to the quantum theory, the theory of relativity, cosmic rays, positrons, and neutron stars. He was also able to show that a baffling movement of a deuteron (heavy hydrogen nucleus), being loosely bound, surrenders its neutron on entering the field of a heavy nucleus. The effect was that the heavy nucleus captures the stripped neutron, becomes unstable and then radioactive. This discovery helped to later develop the hydrogen bomb, which is thousands of times more powerful than the atomic bomb. In his early years of teaching, Oppenheimer had little success and many students complained to the head of the physics department about how quiet he was and how he overestimated his audience. The department head, Raymond T. Birge, knew that Oppenheimer already knew that he was not getting through to the students and therefore did not need to be told. Soon enough he began to interact with his audience by dropping his pace of delivery and going to great lengths to make connections between ideas clearer. By doing this he attracted a small group of some of the brightest students. These students thought of him as a brilliant lecturer and some remarked that he was one of their most inspiring professors. In 1940 Oppenheimer married a woman named Katherine Harrison. They had one son whom they named Peter and a daughter whom they named Katherine. They lived in a beautiful house on Eagle Hill in the San Francisco Bay area. During a leave of absence that lasted from 1943 until 1945, Oppenheimer served as director of the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos, New Mexico. After warnings from Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard, both respected scientists, that the world would be in grave danger if the Nazis were the first to create an atomic bomb, Oppenheimer began to seek a process for the separation of uranium-235 from natural uranium. He also strove to discover a way to determine the critical mass of uranium required to make such a bomb. On July 16, 1945, the joint effort of outstanding scientists at Los Alamos created the first nuclear explosion. This took place at Alamogordo, New Mexico. That October, Oppenheimer resigned from the project. His leadership and organizational skills during the project earned him the Presidential Medal of Merit in 1946. In 1947

Port Authority Helping Essays

Port Authority Helping Essays Port Authority Helping Essay Port Authority Helping Essay As you can see our port has a deep rooted history in our community and in our economy. Also, our port has some special features; for instance we have deep water docks allowing us to have large freighters come into our port. Additionally, our port is a destination port in that most of the goods that come in through the port are going somewhere within fifty miles of the dock. Lastly, our Cleveland Bulk Terminal (CBT)2 is amazing in that it has 1850 linear feet of dock with a loop track for ship to rail distribution. A couple of years ago the company removed the giant and obsolete huletts that used to unload the ships into trains, relying now on self-unloading equipment on ships. Trucks are not used because there is no haul road. This summer Oglebay Norton is hoping to bring the automatic loading equipment from the Lorain Pellet Terminal to enable easier re-loading of ships for International Steel Group. Through all of the current turmoil about the port it has been trying to exonerate its self and improve its image. The dispute has brought up two alternatives for the port; one is to leave the port as it is and make Whisky Island into a park; the second is to put the section of the port on the east bank of the river on Whisky Island and make the east bank area a park. Both are controversial as there are the Friends of Whisky Island who want the Island to become a park; while the port wants to just exist downtown. Some people believe that the port should go away all together. They dont realize that the ships bring goods from overseas, and those goods come into the citys factories, which either package them or make other products from them. Then, the factories ship the products out to be sold, thus, promoting trade and economic growth in the city of Cleveland and the whole country. As I mentioned before, the port is just striving to exist in downtown Cleveland. This is because of the deep water docks I also mentioned earlier the deep water docks are unique on the great lakes and very important to our economy. If the port were to be moved very far from its current locale there could be great expense taken to dredge a new location in an attempt to recreate deep water docks. In the current debate NOACA is the main intermediary; NOACA has set up a team of four city planners, one of which is from the city planning commission and three outside counsels, who have been holding meetings in different neighborhoods that might be affected and are taking in ideas. Many people like the idea to move the port to the west bank and free up land on the east, although it is unlikely. Thus, I can safely conclude, that the port is one of the biggest players in what will happen to our lakefront. It can either move or stay put. Although, it just wants to continue to exist and are continuously embellishing their own cause to make people think they are important. They are really important to recreation and our economy because they own the land and promote trade and economic growth. The port is a necessity and here to stay.

Scharnhorst - German World War II Battleship

Scharnhorst - German World War II Battleship Scharnhorst - Overview: Nation: Germany Type: Battleship/Battlecruiser Shipyard: Kriegsmarinewerft Wilhelmshaven Laid Down: June 15, 1935 Launched: October 3, 1936 Commissioned: January 7, 1939 Fate: Sunk December 26, 1943, Battle of the North Cape Scharnhorst - Specifications: Displacement: 32,600 tons Length: 771 ft. Beam: 98 ft. Draft: 32 ft. Propulsion: 3 Brown, Boveri, Cie geared steam turbines Speed: 31 knots Range: 7,100 miles at 19 knots Complement: 1,669 men Armament: Guns 9 Ãâ€" 28 cm/54.5 (11 inch) SK C/3412 Ãâ€" 15 cm/55 (5.9) SK C/2814 Ãâ€" 10.5  cm/65 (4.1 inch) SK C/3316 Ãâ€" 3.7  cm/L83 (1.5) SK C/3010 (later 16) Ãâ€" 2 cm/65 (0.79) C/30 or C/386 Ãâ€" 533  mm torpedo tubes Aircraft 3 Ãâ€" Arado Ar 196A Scharnhorst - Design: In the late 1920s, debate ensued within Germany regarding the size and place of the nations navy.   These concerns were heightened by new shipbuilding in France and the Soviet Union which led to the  Reichsmarine planning for new warships.   Though restricted by the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I to building warships of 10,000 long tons or less, initial designs far exceeded this displacement.   After ascending to power in 1933, Adolf Hitler authorized the building of two D-class cruisers to supplement the three Deutschland-class panzerschiffes (armored ships) then under construction.   Originally intended to mount two turrets like the earlier ships, the D-class became a source of conflict between the navy, which wanted larger more powerful vessels, and Hitler who was concerned about overly flaunting the Treaty of Versailles.   After concluding the Anglo-German Naval Agreement in 1935 which eliminated the treaty restrictions, Hitler canceled the two D-class cruisers and moved ahead with a pair of larger vessels dubbed Scharnhorst and Gneisenau in recognition of the two armored cruisers lost at the 1914 Battle of the Falklands.   Though Hitler desired the ships to mount 15 guns, the necessary turrets were not available and they were instead equipped with nine 11 guns.   Provision was made in the design to up-gun the vessels to six 15 guns in the future.   This main battery was supported by twelve 5.9 guns in four twin turrets and four single mounts.   Power for the new ships came from three Brown, Boveri, and Cie geared steam turbines which could generate a top speed of 31.5 knots.   Scharnhorst - Construction: The contract for Scharnhorst was given to Kriegsmarinewerft in Wilhelmshaven.   Laid down on on June 15, 1935, the new warship slid down the ways the following year on October 3.   Commissioned on January 9, 1939 with Captain Otto Ciliax in command, Scharnhorst performed poorly during its sea trials and showed a tendency to ship large amounts of water over the bow.   This frequently led to electrical issues with the forward turrets.   Returning to the yard, Scharnhorst underwent significant modifications which included the installation of a higher bow, a raked funnel cap, and an enlarged hangar.   Also, the ships mainmast was shifted further aft.   By the time this work was completed in November, Germany had already started World War II. Scharnhorst - Into Action:       Commencing active operations under the leadership of Captain Kurt-Caesar Hoffman, Scharnhorst joined Gneisenau, the light cruiser Kà ¶ln, and nine destroyers for a patrol between the Faroes and Iceland in late November.   Intended to draw the Royal Navy away from its pursuit of Admiral Graf Spee in the South Atlantic, the sortie saw Scharnhorst sink the auxiliary cruiser Rawalpindi on November 23.   Pursued by a force that included the battlecruiser HMS Hood and the battleships HMS Rodney, HMS Nelson, and the French Dunkerque, the German squadron escaped back to Wilhelmshaven.   Arriving in port, Scharnhorst underwent an overhaul and repaired damaged sustained by heavy seas. Scharnhorst - Norway: Following training exercises in the Baltic during the winter, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau sailed to take part in the invasion of Norway (Operation Weserà ¼bung).   After evading British air attacks on April 7, the ships engaged the British battlecruiser HMS Renown off Lofoten.   In a running fight, Scharnhorsts radar malfunctioned making it difficult to range the enemy vessel.   After Gneisenau sustained several hits, the two ships used heavy weather to cover their withdrawal.   Repaired in Germany, the two ships returned to Norwegian waters in early June and sank a British corvette on the 8th.   As the day progressed, the Germans located the carrier HMS Glorious and the destroyers HMS Acasta and HMS Ardent.   Closing with the three ships, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau sank all three but not before Acasta struck the former with a torpedo.   The hit killed 48 sailors, jammed the aft turret, as well as caused extensive flooding which disabled machinery and led to a 5-degree list.   Forced to make temporary repairs at Trondheim, Scharnhorst endured multiple air attacks from land-based British aircraft and HMS Ark Royal.   Departing for Germany on June 20, it sailed south with a heavy escort and extensive fighter cover.   This proved necessary as successive British air attacks were turned back.   Entering the yard at Kiel, repairs on Scharnhorst took around six months to complete. Scharnhorst - Into the Atlantic: In January 1941, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau slipped into the Atlantic to commence Operation Berlin.   Commanded by Admiral Gà ¼nther Là ¼tjens, the operation called for the ships to attack Allied convoys.   Though leading a powerful force, Là ¼tjens was hampered by orders which prohibited him from engaging Allied capital ships.   Encountering convoys on February 8 and March 8, he broke off both attacks when British battleships were sighted.   Turning towards the mid-Atlantic, Scharnhorst sank a Greek cargo ship before finding a dispersed convoy on March 15.   Over the next several days, it destroyed another nine ships before the arrival of the battleships HMS King George V and Rodney compelled  Là ¼tjens to retreat.   Arriving at Brest, France on March 22, work soon commenced on Scharnhorsts machinery which had proved problematic during the operation.   As a result, the vessel was not available to support Operation Rheinà ¼bung involving the new battleship Bismarc k that May. Scharnhorst - Channel Dash: Moving south to La Rochelle, Scharnhorst sustained five bomb hits during an air raid on July 24.   Causing extensive damage and an 8-degree list, the ship returned to Brest for repairs.   In January 1942, Hitler directed that Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen return to Germany in preparation for operations against convoys to the Soviet Union.   Under the overall command of Ciliax, the three ships put to sea on February 11 with the intention of running through the British defenses in the English Channel.   Initially avoiding detection from British forces, the squadron later came under attack.   While off the Scheldt, Scharnhorst struck an air-dropped mine at 3:31 PM which caused hull damage as well as jammed a turret and several other gun mounts and knocked out electrical power.   Brought to a halt, emergency repairs were conducted which allowed the vessel to get underway at reduced speed eighteen minutes later.   At 10:34 PM, Scharnhorst hit a second mine while near  Terschelling.   Again disabled, the crew were able to get one propeller turning and the ship limped into Wilhelmshaven the next morning.   Moved to a floating drydock, Scharnhorst remained out of action until June. Scharnhorst - Back to Norway: In August 1942, Scharnhorst commenced training exercises with several U-boats.   During these maneuvers it collided with U-523 which necessitated a return to drydock.   Emerging in September, Scharnhorst trained in the Baltic before steaming to Gotenhafen (Gdynia) to receive new rudders.   After two aborted attempts during the winter of 1943, the ship moved north to Norway in March and rendezvoused with Là ¼tzow  and the battleship Tirpitz near Narvik.   Shifting to Altafjord, the ships conducted a training mission to Bear Island in early April.   On April 8, Scharnhorst was rocked by an explosion in an aft auxiliary machinery space which killed and injured 34 sailors.   Repaired,  it and its consorts were largely inactive for the next six months due to fuel shortages.    Scharnhorst - Battle of the North Cape: Sortieing on September 6 with Tirpitz, Scharnhorst steamed north and bombarded Allied facilities at Spitzbergen.   Three months later, Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz ordered German vessels in Norway to attack Allied convoys sailing to and from the Soviet Union.   As Tirpitz was damaged, the German attack force consisted of Scharnhorst and five destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral Erich Bey.   Receiving aerial reconnaissance reports of convoy JW 55B, Bey departed Altafjord on December 25 with the intention of attacking the next day.   Moving against his target, he was unaware that Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser had laid a trap with the goal of eliminating the German ship.    Detecting Scharnhorst around 8:30 AM on December 26, Vice Admiral Robert Burnetts force, consisting of the heavy cruiser HMS Norfolk and light cruisers  HMS Belfast and HMS Sheffield, closed with the enemy in increasingly poor weather to open the Battle of the North Cape.   Commencing fire, they succeeded in disabling Scharnhorsts radar.   In a running battle, Bey sought to loop around the British cruisers before deciding to return to port at 12:50 PM.   Pursuing the enemy, Burnett relayed the German ships position to Fraser who was in the vicinity with the battleship HMS Duke of York, the light cruiser HMS Jamaica, and four destroyers.   At 4:17 PM, Fraser located Scharnhorst on radar and ordered his destroyers forward to launch a torpedo attack.   With its radar down, the German ship was taken by surprise as Duke of Yorks guns began scoring hits.   Turning away, Scharnhorst narrowed the range with Burnetts cruisers which rejoined the battle.   As the fight developed, Beys vessel was badly battered by British guns and sustained four torpedo hits. With Scharnhorst critically damaged and the bow partially submerged, Bey ordered the ship abandoned at 7:30 PM.   As these orders were issued, another torpedo attack scored several more hits on the stricken Scharnhorst.   Around 7:45 PM a massive explosion tore through the ship and it slipped beneath the waves.   Racing forward, British vessels were only able to rescue 36 of Scharnhorsts  1,968-man crew. Selected Sources Battleship ScharnhorstSinking of the ScharnhorstMilitary Factory: Scharnhorst

Alchol and its effects on health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alchol and its effects on health - Essay Example Binge drinking has become rampant in many parts of the world including Europe (Picture-1). According to a study by Anderson & Baumberg (2006), 55 million adults are estimated to drink at harmful levels in the Europe. Harmful consumption of alcohol means more than 40g of alcohol i.e. 4 drinks a day for men and over 20g i.e. 2 drinks a day by women (Anderson & Baumberg, 2006). To understand the effects of alcohol on the health of humans, it is important to first understand the metabolism of alcohol. The cell membranes of human body are highly permeable to alcohol. Once alcohol is absorbed from the stomach, it reaches every tissue in the body. It is mainly metabolized in the liver. The mode of metabolism is oxidation. The first step in the oxidation is conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde and this is catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase. During this process, NADH (NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is released. The acetaldehyde is further oxidized to acetic acid which then enters the citric acid cycle and metabolized to carbondioxide and water. NADH is used up in the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid, in the synthesis of lipids and in the electron transport chain (Paton, 2005). Most of the damage to cells caused by ethanol is due to acetaldehyde and NADH. Acetaldehyde causes damage due to immune response and increased NADH causes altered NADH/N AD ratio leading to increased oxygen consumption and hypermetabolic state (Tome & Lucey, 2004). The effects of alcohol change over time. This is known as biphasic effect. The side effects depend on the level of intoxication which is again dependent on many other factors like the amount and circumstances of consumption, whether taken before or after meals and also the hydration status of the body. Consumption of alcohol after a heavy meal does not produce much intoxication while consuming on empty stomach leads to increased side

Economic impact on Crime Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Economic impact on Crime - Literature review Example Unfortunately, illegitimate ways of seeking basic resources and of ensuring human survival have also been used. This may account for the fact that crimes are prevalent in areas with depressed economic conditions. The studies below shall present a literature review on the relationship between the economy and crime, how they impact on each other and mostly how depressed economic conditions lead to the high incidence of crime and how high crime rates can impact negatively on the economy. Review of related literature Before reviewing the studies discussing the relationship of crime and economic conditions, it is important to first establish global conditions relating the economy and crime. Based on the United Nations Global Pulse (2010), their analysis was based on a cross-national assessment which sought to investigate the possible impact of economic stress on crime. The UN report established that in times of economic crisis and non-crisis, economic conditions have a crucial role to pla y in the manifestation of crimes. Based on statistics and analysis from 15 countries, there are general associations which can be made between crime and economic conditions. ... s seem to support the criminal motivation theory which indicates how economic stress may further increase the motivation for individuals to participate in illegal activities (UNGP, 2010). For the different countries compared by the UN, the combination of crime and economic predictors were evaluated and a major association between these elements was identified. The UN assessment cites issues seen during economic crisis like youth gangs, weapons availability, drugs and alcohol abuse, and the low visibility of law enforcement officers as factors which all impact on criminality during economic hardships. In the study by Aiginger (2010), the author compared the recent economic recession with the Great Depression which was seen following the First World War. The authors utilized new data set in order to evaluate the decrease in activity in the industrialized countries using seven activity indicators. Their data indicated that the recent crisis had the possibility of being another Great Dep ression, especially with the speed and decline seen within the first nine months of the recession. However, if it is to be assumed that another greater impact can be avoided, the decrease in the indicators would have to be smaller when compared to the Great Depression. This is true for the GDP, the employment rates, and for manufacturing profits. Differences in the degree of the crisis are expected in terms of differences in the policy reaction. In the Great Depression, fiscal policies were applied in order to manage budgets. However, the lower nominal interest rates led to higher and actual rates. Aiginger (2010) also indicates how the economic policy implemented during the recent crisis prevented the crisis from causing another period of depression. Baron (2008) discusses the importance